HISTORICAL SKETCH 



OF THE 


MISSIONS OF THE AMERICAN BOARD 


PAPAL LANDS. 


Rev. ISAAC R. WORCESTER. 


or 


yatfrouTOH 

REC.OCT I860 

THSOLOGlCft 


L* 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD. 


1 Somerset Street. 

1878 . 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2016 


https://archive.org/details/historicalsketchOOworc 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


For about half a century previous to 1872, the Amer- 
ican Board had no mission among the nominally Christian 
population of Papal lands, in either Europe or America. 
Other organizations — especially, since 1850, the American 
and Foreign Christian Union — had been prosecuting such 
missions, sustained mainly by Congregational and Presby- 
terian churches. It would be a mistake, however, to sup- 
pose that the Board had never before engaged in, or con- 
templated such labors. Very early in the history of the 
Board, at the annual meeting in 1813, the following vote 
was passed, which shows how broad a view of the work be- 
fore them was already taken by the fathers: “Voted, That 
the Prudential Committee be requested to make inquiry re- 
specting the settlement of a mission at St. Salvador, Brazil ; 
at Port Louis, in the Isle of France; and on the island of 
Madagascar.” For ten years after that, however, no mis- 
sion seems to have been undertaken in Papal lands. The 
Report for 1823 states that “ for several years it had been 
the intention of the Board to send missionaries to some 
port of South America, as soon as competent men could be 
engaged for the work and the means obtained for carrying 
it forward ; ” and on the 25th of July, in that year, two 
young men, Messrs. John C. Brigham and Theophilus 
Parvin, sailed from Boston for Buenos Ayres, in South 
America, under appointment by the Prudential Committee, 
to distribute Bibles, tracts, etc., among the people, to ex- 


2 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


plore, and ascertain the moral and religious condition of 
countries in the southern and western portions of that con- 
tinent ; and thus prepare the way for further efforts, if they 
should be deemed expedient. 

These brethren soon opened a Sabbath-school for Prot- 
estant children, and commenced Sabbath services, at the 
house of a pious English friend at Buenos Ayres. Mr. 
Parvin also opened a school for teaching English as well 
as other branches, and for a time they regarded their field 
of usefulness as constantly extending, and Mr. Parvin ex- 
pressed a strong desire that another missionary should be 
sent to join him. His school increased to sixty or seventy 
pupils ; but in 1826 his connection with the Board was dis- 
solved, because of “ the peculiar circumstances of that coun- 
try,” which seemed to render it expedient that he “should 
labor unconnected with any missionary society.” 

Mr. Brigham, after acquiring the Spanish language, 
crossed the continent to Valparaiso, spent some time in 
Chili, thence proceeded to Peru, Columbia, and Mexico, 
and returned to the United States early in 1826, making a 
full report of his tour and investigations. He then became 
connected with the American Bible Society, the mission in 
South America was brought to a close, and no other mis- 
sion to Papal lands was undertaken by the Board for many 
years. 

ORIGIN OF RECENT MOVEMENTS. 

At the annual meeting of the Board in 1871, a memorial 
was presented from a “ Provisional Committee of Foreign 
Evangelization.” This memorial stated that, “ with almost 
entire unanimity, the churches which contributed to the 
treasury of the Board had withdrawn from the American 
and Foreign Christian Union, as their agency for the evan- 
gelization of nominally Christian countries ; ” that “ the 
Congregational bodies representing the churches in the sev- 
eral States, almost simultaneously, appointed a Provisional 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


3 


Committee to prosecute the work ; ” at the same time in- 
sisting that “ no new society should be organized,” but that 
“ the Provisional Committee should, as soon as possible, 
transfer its trust to some existing society ; ” and that “ the 
general voice indicated the American Board as the fittest 
organization, if not the only one, for this purpose.” 

This memorial was referred to a special committee of 
seven, who reported, after careful consideration, “ that the 
time has come when it seems to be the duty of this Board 
so to extend its work, in behalf of the nominally Christian 
people of the earth, as to include that particular department 
of missionary effort contemplated in the memorial.” After 
full discussion, the report was accepted and adopted ; and 
resolutions were passed declaring that the Board would he 
ready to enlarge its operations by extending its foreign 
work in nominally Christian lands, and recommending that 
the Prudential Committee “ secure as far as practicable, 
from the churches, a specific collection for this object, over 
and above their ordinary gifts to the Board.” 

It is but just to state that, previous to this meeting at 
Salem, the Prudential Committee, fully informed of the 
movement which was in progress, had more than once had 
the matter under consideration,— once meeting a commit- 
tee from New York. They had, with much unanimity, 
expressed strong reluctance to engaging in this additional 
work, in view, especially, of what they foresaw would be 
the difficulty of securing such enlargement of income as 
would enable them to carry it forward, without a serious 
crippling of work already in hand and the embarrassment 
of existing missions. But the action of the Board left them 
no alternative ; they at once determined to do what they 
could ; and at the next annual meeting, in 1872, they re- 
ported missions as already commenced in Spain, Austria, 
and Western Mexico. 1 

1 In accordance with the action at Salem, the churches were requested 


4 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


THE MISSIONS — SPAIN. 

The Prudential Committee knew well that the work of 
evangelization in Papal lands had ever been, and would still 
be, one of no little difficulty, requiring for its successful 
prosecution not only earnest zeal and strong faith, but 
eminent prudence and wisdom. Having decided to com- 
mence a mission in Spain, the Committee secured for that 
field the services of Rev. Luther H. Guliek, M. D., who had 
had an experience of twenty years in connection with mis- 
sionary work, first in Micronesia, and then as Secretary of 
the Hawaiian Board at Honolulu. He had made arrange- 
ments to join the mission in Japan, his chosen field, but at 
the request of the Committee he turned aside, to aid in this 
new enterprise among a very different people. His brother, 
William H. Guliek, who had become somewhat familiar 
with the Spanish character and language in South America, 
having been for about three years engaged in evangelistic 

to make an annual collection for this specific work, aside from their reg- 
ular contributions to the Board. This seemed the more fitting inasmuch 
as they had been accustomed to contribute to the Christian Union, or the 
Provisional Committee, for a like work, which had now been undertaken 
by the Board at their special request. The Treasurer kept a separate ac- 
count of receipts and expenditures for the new missions. Yet it was never 
supposed that very many churches would be likely long to continue the 
practice of making two collections annually for the Board, one for each 
of two divisions of its work ; and the result of the effort in this direction, 
though unpleasant, was hardly unexpected. At the end of four years, in 
September, 1875, it was found that the expenses of the new missions up to 
that time had been in all $134,729.05, while the receipts specified as for 
this department had been only $100,802.11, leaving the department in 
debt $33,927.54. It was time to consider what should be done, and at the 
annual meeting in October of that year a paper was presented, in behalf 
of the Prudential Committee, on the financial problem connected with the 
new work. This paper, after discussion, was referred to the Committee 
on the Home Department. That committee reported, and the Board 
adopted, a resolution recommending that thenceforth both departments 
of the work “should be supported from a common treasury, and should 
share in a common prosperity or adversity.” 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


5 


efforts there, was associated with him. The two sailed 
from Boston, with their wives, for Liverpool, on the way to 
Spain, December 19, 1871. 

The population of Spain was in 1860 between sixteen 
and seventeen millions, almost wholly Roman Catholic. 
For centuries every attempt at religious reform had been 
sternly suppressed, even the secret study of the Scriptures 
exposing the offenders to severe punishment, until the revo 
lution of September, 1868, introduced a new era. Then 
Protestant efforts were at once commenced. Within a few 
months persons interested in evangelical movements began 
to assemble for public worship in several of the leading 
cities in the kingdom. Individuals, and organized “ com- 
mittees ” in Protestant lands, entered upon earnest efforts, 
evangelists and colporters were employed, and Bibles and 
tracts distributed, often with happy results, though bitter 
opposition from the Romanist priesthood was everywhere 
encountered. When the Messrs. Gulick arrived in Spain, 
such Protestant efforts were already in progress in many 
places, aided by various organizations. At Madrid alone 
there were “ two leading churches,” with large congrega- 
tions, one of them specially aided by a Swiss committee at 
Geneva and by funds from Great Britain and various parts 
of Europe, the other under the special supervision of Rev. 
M. Fleidner, son of the late Pastor Fleidner of Kaisers- 
werth, Germany ; also a church sustained by the United 
Presbyterians of Scotland and the Evangelical Continental 
Society of London ; a church and school superintended by 
Rev. Mr. Moore of the Irish Presbyterian Church ; a school 
and preaching services sustained by the Plymouth Brethren; 
a Baptist church — Rev. Mr. Knapp, — of the American 
Baptist Missionary Union ; Messrs. Gladstone and Arm- 
strong were agents of committees in Glasgow, Liverpool, 
and Leeds ; the Religious Tract Society of London had a 
committee organized in the city ; there were some independ- 


6 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


ent workers ; and an active agent of the British and For- 
eign Bible Society had twenty-five colporters at work in 
various parts of the kingdom. 

In view of the fact that comparatively little had been 
done by other Protestant societies in the northern portion 
of the Spanish field (excepting the city of Barcelona), it was 
thought best to direct the attention of the Board’s mission- 
aries specially to that section. Dr. Gulick fixed upon Bar- 
celona as his station, and commenced his residence there 
on the 6th of March, 1872. Mr. William H. Gulick, after 
a careful exploration of central aud southern portions of 
Spain, located at Santander, a city of 21,000 inhabitants on 
the northwest coast, commencing his labors there in August. 
Rev. Gustave Alexy, a native of Hungary and a graduate of 
the Union Theological Seminary, New York, sailed from 
New York, July I3tli, to join in the work at Barcelona. 
Within one year from that time, in view of the disturbed 
condition of Spain, and having decided to commence at 
least an experimental mission in Italy, the Prudential Com- 
mittee desired to employ there a man of Dr. Gulick’s ex- 
perience and sound judgment, and he left Barcelona for 
Florence in July, 1873. Mrs. Gulick had previously com- 
menced a boarding-school for girls, which was small but 
somewhat encouraging. 

Mr. Alexy reported a Bible class for young men, and 
religious services on the Sabbath attended by a small con- 
gregation ; and he had attempted evening schools for such 
as were not easily reached by day. But he was sent at first 
for only two years, and when that term expired, as Dr. Gu- 
lick had already left for Italy and the promise of good at 
Barcelona seemed small, it was not thought best to retain 
him there. He left in April, 1874, returning to the United 
States. 

Better success attended the efforts at Santander. As early 
as October, 1872, Mr. Gulick had commenced a Sabbath 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


7 


service at his own house, attended at first by only four or 
five persons, but under the influence in part, doubtless, of 
mere curiosity the number rapidly increased. The station 
was reinforced in July by the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. 
Thomas L. Gulick. Before the close of December the con- 
gregation had risen to fifty, and on the last Sabbath in Jan- 
uary, 1873, it was one hundred and ninety -five. A larger 
place for the gatherings had become a necessity, and a large 
room, which had been used for a store room, was hired and 
respectably fitted up. But the merely curious began soon 
to drop off, the timid were alarmed by opposition, and in 
October Mr. Gulick wrote that by the first of June they 
were left with what had proved to be quite a permanent con- 
gregation of about forty, five of whom seemed to manifest 
a genuine interest in spiritual things. 

In January, 1874, there came the cloud of war. Santan- 
der was seriously threatened by the Carlists, and there was 
great excitement. Unpleasant demonstrations were made 
by opposers, also, such as the throwing of stones through 
the windows of the chapel where the people were assembled 
for worship, and threatening to burn the building. Some 
trying defections occurred, and in July, 1874, the Sabbath 
congregation did not exceed thirty. But, on the other hand, 
pleasant and hopeful incidents were noticed. In the spring 
of 1875 it became necessary to find another room for a 
chapel, the building which had been occupied having passed 
into the hands of a zealous Roman Catholic lady, who 
would not rent it for Protestant services. After diligent 
search for months, rooms were secured in a new building. 

In the spring of this year an interesting Protestant move- 
ment was developed among the mountains of Asturias, at 
Allevia and some adjacent villages, about fifty miles from 
Santander, through the influence of certain poor basket 
makers who were accustomed to spend some months each 
year at Santander. During the previous summer they had 


8 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


been led to attend the Protestant sendee there, had become 
much interested in the truth, and had returned to their 
mountain home to hold weekly meetings, reading the Bible 
and praying together, and thus spreading light in the midst 
of darkness. 

It was reported from Santander, in 1876, that through the 
months of January and February the congregations were 
seldom less than from ninety to one hundred. On the 9th 
of April a church “ of seventeen steadfast souls,” the “ First 
Evangelical church of Santander,” was organized. The 
same month Mr. Gulick had the pleasure of dedicating their 
new chapel room, “ plain and simple,” but “ well lighted and 
cheerful,” and “ capable of seating 120 persons.” In August 
the number of members in the church had increased to forty, 
and about that time Protestant services were commenced at 
the village of La Cavada, fifteen miles from Santander, 
through the influence of an energetic woman, a member of 
the Santander church, who owned a house in that village and 
had returned there to live. 

Mr. Gulick has felt much interest also in efforts at Bilbao, 
which place he has desired to see occupied as a station. 
There, as in other places, it has been found difficult to rent 
a room for chapel purposes, but in May, 1877, a room was 
secured, to be occupied after some repairs should be made. 
The work at Allevia has gone forward in the face of bitter 
opposition. A friend of the evangelical movement there 
rented a house for a chapel in December, 1876, which was 
dedicated in the evening, ‘Three tin lamps throwing a dim 
light upon a company of about forty-five persons, who 
listened earnestly and with occasional sobs, but with some 
fear.” A helper from Santander was placed there for a time 
and the congregation soon increased to about seventy; but 
there was erelong, also, increased and violent persecution. 
For want of means the place was soon without a stated 
helper, and the awakened people, in a time of great trial, 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


9 


have been left “ as sheep having no shepherd,” though much 
needing a pastor. 

Air. T. L. Gulick, partly because of suffering seriously 
from ill health at Santander, after careful study of different 
localities, fixed upon Zaragoza, about two hundred miles 
southeast from Santander, as a second station of the mis- 
sion, and removed to that place in February, 187G. This 
is not a new field for Protestant effort, but his going there 
was with the cordial concurrence of other Protestant agen- 
cies laboring in Spain. In June he was constrained by his 
Carlist landlord to leave the room that he had occupied as 
a chapel, and look for another place. This lie found great 
difficulty in securing, as no one would rent a room for such 
a purpose ; and when at length a room was found, there 
was much demonstration of ill will when it was first occu- 
pied by the Protestants. Yet the congregation rapidly in- 
creased, and in September, 1 87 6, after the situation had been 
studied carefully, among those who called themselves Prot- 
estants, and after it had been explained to them that a 
church should consist of truly converted persons only, a 
new church was organized at Zaragoza, with seventy-five 
members from the old Protestant body and twelve new con- 
verts. Six members were added on the first Sabbath in 
January, 1877. In April, as the work prospered and num- 
bers were increasing, the enemy seemed stirred to unwonted 
zeal in opposition ; a colporter was thrown into prison and 
kept there for some days without any charge being pre- 
ferred against him, the poor of the congregation were 
tempted in every way to return to the Papal fold, Protest- 
ant soldiers were threatened, and commanded to attend the 
Romish church and take part in its rites, and preaching in 
those churches assumed great violence against the Protest- 
ants. 

Airs. Gulick, aided by a very competent Protestant lady, 
has found much encouragement at meetings for women, in 


10 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


her school of twenty-five pupils, in clay schools also, and in 
the Sabbath-school. At each station of the mission — San- 
tander and Zaragoza — the missionary was aided at the 
time of last reports by a native preacher, teachers, and 
some other helpers. 

THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 

About the time that the mission in Spain was commenced, 
it was decided to undertake a work also in the Austrian 
Empire. This empire includes in its nineteen provinces a 
population of about 35,000,000, of different races, — Ger- 
man, Slavic, and Magyar. Most of the people are profess- 
edly Roman Catholics, though in Hungary a majority 
(more than 3,000,000 out of the 5,000,000) are Protestants. 
In Bohemia and Moravia, also, there are some Protestant 
communities, and a yet smaller proportion of the Protest- 
ant element is found in German Austria. But the num- 
ber of truly evangelical and pious pastors, even among the 
Protestants, seems to be very small, and they are embar- 
rassed by their connection with state churches that are 
largely imbued with rationalistic sentiments, and indiffer- 
ent or opposed to vital piety. Some evangelical agencies 
were at work in the empire. The Free Church of Scot- 
land had established stations for effort specially among the 
Jews, at Vienna, Pesth, and Prague, and supported some 
evangelists ; the United Presbyterians of Scotland made 
grants in aid to some worthy pastors and evangelists in 
northern Bohemia ; the Continental Society of London 
aided the Reformed Church in a few places ; the Moravian 
Brethren had stations in the same region ; and the Amer- 
ican and Foreign Christian Union had been represented for 
some years in Hungary by a colporter and a Bible woman. 
But with the exception of the northern parts of Bohemia, 
missionaries of the Board would find a clear field. 

For this mission the Board secured, first of all, the serv- 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


11 


ices of Rev. Henry A. Schauffler, son of Rev. Dr. Schauf- 
fler, so long and favorably known in connection with the 
missions in Turkey, and who had himself been for several 
years connected with the Western Turkey mission. He 
embarked from New York with his family, on his way to 
Austria, May 18, 1872. Rev. Edwin A. Adams and Rev. 
Albert W. Clark, who had been pastors of churches in Con- 
necticut (Mr. Adams at North Manchester and Mr. Clark 
at Gilead), sailed from New York with their wives on the 
5th of October following, and on the 6th of September, 
1873, Rev. E. C. Bissell and wife also embarked from 
New York for the Austrian field, Mr. Bissell leaving a pas- 
torate at Winchester, Mass. These brethren have met with 
many difficulties in their efforts to introduce a purer faith 
and a more vital piety among a people so generally under 
the influence either of Romanism or of a formal and dead, 
though Protestant belief. Yet they have also found much 
to encourage a confident hope that their efforts, and those 
of other faithful servants of Christ, will not be in vain. 

Mr. Schauffler, after bis arrival in Austria, devoted con- 
siderable time to a careful study of the situation before 
deciding upon a permanent station. Having fixed upon 
Prague, in Bohemia, as the first place to be occupied, he 
went there in October, 1872, and was joined on the 1st of 
November by Messrs. Adams and Clark ; the brethren 
hoping to organize a station in German Austria also, at an 
early day. The welcome given to these missionaries by 
evangelical agents from abroad, and by a few among the 
Protestant pastors, was very cordial, and they sought to co- 
operate with and assist, while they hoped to be assisted 
by, the truly evangelical pastors and members of different 
churches — Lutheran, Reformed, or Moravian. They early 
became acquainted with Pastor Schubert, of the Reformed 
Bohemian Church, located at Krabschitz (about fifty miles 
from Prague, where he had established a boardiug-school 


12 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


for young ladies), and became deeply interested in him and 
his work, hoping that in this school, — a work of true faith, 
and built up from very small beginnings, — he might be 
laying foundations for “ the Bohemian Mt. Ilolyoke.” 

A German Bible class was very soon established at 
Prague, attended by a number of Catholics ; religious serv- 
ices were begun in Bohemia ; and there was labor with 
individuals and families. In the summer of 1873 the breth- 
ren reported decided progress in the way of finding open- 
ings for effort, and in the prospect, as they hoped, of obtain- 
ing truly Christian and reliable men as evangelists and 
helpers. A few months later a hall, or large room, was ob- 
tained and fitted up for meetings at Prague, and permission 
was obtained from the authorities to deliver “lectures” 
there on the Sabbath, — obstacles having been removed in 
way's recognized as truly providential. On the first Sab- 
bath in December, 1873, they rejoiced greatly in holding 
the first Bohemian service in that hall, Pastor Schubert 
preaching. For a few weeks after this they felt much en- 
couraged. The number of attendants increased until, on 
Sabbath afternoons, the hall was nearly filled with an intel- 
ligent and attentive audience, some coming from the Re- 
formed Church, “ disgusted with infidelity,” and some from 
among the Catholics. Mrs. Schauffler had also gathered 
a small Sabbath-school of Bohemian children, having the 
services of three young ladies from Pastor Schubert’s school 
as teachers. 

In January, 1874, the brethren met with objections to 
their work at Prague from an unexpected quarter, perhaps 
arising from some misunderstanding, but which were very 
trying to their feelings. In February they felt constrained 
to request Mr. Bissell, then at Vienna, to meet with them 
for consultation. After some days of careful deliberation 
and earnest prayer, they came to the unanimous conviction 
that it was best for Messrs. Clark and Bissell at once to com- 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


18 


mence a station at Innsbruck, in the Tyrol, and for Mr. 
Schauffler to remove to Briinn, in Moravia, leaving Mr. 
Adams alone at Prague. The brethren designated to Inns- 
bruck arrived there early in March, and soon made arrange- 
ments for the sale and distribution of the Scriptures and 
other books in connection with a bookstore owned and 
managed by Protestant ladies, and formed plans for the 
employment of colporters and evangelists in different sec- 
tions of the field. Mr. Schauffler rented a house in Briinn, 
a city of 80,000 inhabitants, and removed to that place 
April 4th. The service at Prague was continued, Pastor 
Schubert preaching every other Sabbath “ with wonderful 
power,” five other preachers aiding in the work from time 
to time, and the attendance becoming soon “ quite steady 
and satisfactory.” 

The Annual Report of the American Board for 1874 
states : “ Letters from the brethren and sisters of this mis- 
sion make it painfully apparent that the great prevalence 
of infidelity, the harmful influence of the Papal priesthood, 
and of unregenerate, irreligious pastors of Protestant par- 
ishes, utter spiritual deadness, and abounding immorality, 
render this field of labor not less trying than are those in 
pagan lands. Yet there is much encouragement.” 

The next year was one of some trials, but of progress also. 
The chapel at Prague was open the whole year for Bohe- 
mian preaching, Pastor Schubert either preaching himself 
or securing some one else to do so every other Sabbath, 
while an evangelist, employed by the mission, preached on 
the alternate Sabbaths, and once during each week. The 
attendance was from seventy-five to one hundred. A Sab- 
bath-school, for Bohemian children, was also maintained in 
Mr. Adams’s private apartments, and there were Tuesday 
evening meetings for the study of the Bible, attended by 
some twenty adults, and often a larger number of children. 

At Briinn, Mr. Schauffler commenced private Bible ex- 


14 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


position meetings on the 3d of May, attended at first by 
very few, but continued, with an increasing number, till 
interrupted by sickness and a period of rest, in September. 
They were resumed again the latter part of October, and 
continued to increase until “ two rooms were filled on Sun- 
day evening with about a hundred persons.” A Sunday 
children’s gathering, in Mrs. Schauffler’s care, also increased 
so as to be “a constant wonder” to the missionaries. On 
the last Sabbath in January, 1875, notice was given that on 
the next Sunday evening the meeting would be held in a 
newly prepared ball in the old Moravian capital. This 
specially alarmed the clergy, and the missionaries were 
denounced before the police as dangerous persons, who en- 
ticed children into meetings, and scattered Protestant books 
through the schools. The police prohibited their doing any- 
thing to invade the rights of parents and teachers of school 
children, and forbade Mr. Schauffler’s holding any meetings, 
public or private. Colporter work had been prosecuted 
also, and the district attorney brought action against Mr. and 
Mrs. Schauffler for violation of both the press law and the 
meeting law. It was successfully maintained, in defense, 
that the reading matter had not been given away, but lent, 
and that the meetings were of a legally private character ; 
yet fines were imposed upon both the parties. 

In the Tyrol, in consequence of the power and intoler- 
ance of the Romish Church, the most important sphere of 
labor continued to be in the book department. Religious 
services were, however, kept up on Sabbath afternoons, 
from the 1st of October, 1874, attended by a few persons 
who were specially invited, — mostly by printed cards, dated 
and signed, — in order to conform, as nearly as possible, to 
the stringent laws governing such meetings. Mrs. Clark 
had also a meeting for children Sabbath mornings. In Au- 
gust, 1875, Messrs. Bissell and Clark removed from Inns- 
bruck to Gratz, where openings for Christian effort were 
believed to be more promising. 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


15 


Coming forward now to the autumn of 1876, the condi- 
tion of this mission field can hardly be presented better than 
by quoting again from the Annual Report of the American 
Board for that year, which states : “ In no other mission 
field occupied by the Board are so great hindrances encount- 
ered to the dissemination of the truth, as in Austria. The 
utmost ingenuity of which Jesuit experience and craft are 
capable has been employed, to devise legal restrictions upon 
every possible form of evangelical effort from abroad. The 
missionary can enter no pulpit; and can hold no public 
service, to lecture or preach or read the Scriptures, without 
applying to the local authorities for a permission which they 
are at liberty to withhold. The giving away even of a 
tract may subject to a fine, and if the offense is repeated, 
to imprisonment, or exile from the country. Mr. Schauffler, 
at Brunn, has been absolutely prohibited from inviting even 
a half dozen Christian friends to his house to read the Word 
of God, and to sing and pray together, when there were 
many anxious for such a privilege. He was for a time al- 
lowed to give lectures on Bible themes, on pledging himself 
not to pray, or sing, or perform any other act of worship in 
connection with the lecture. But this privilege was after- 
wards refused at the common instigation of the Romanist 
priests and a Lutheran pastor. The principal charge against 
him was, that in a lecture just delivered he had preached , 
because he had set forth the power of the love of God to 
save men, and had applied the subject by wishing that his 
hearers might be influenced by that love. 

“ The local authorities having been thoroughly enlisted 
in aid of his enemies, Mr. Schauffler has been informed that 
he will not be suffered to engage in any religious work in 
Moravia or Silesia, and that, indeed, it will be useless for 
him to undertake such work anywhere in Austria.” 

Mr. Schauffler appealed, in 1875, from the decisions of 
local authorities to the higher authorities at Vienna, but no 


16 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


decision had been reached. Yet Mr. and Mrs. Schauffler 
continued to he most happy in their work, having delight- 
ful intercourse with a small number of individual believers, 
seeing evidence of the workings of the Spirit, and finding 
among pastors of the Reformed Church oue and another 
who seemed coming into more active sympathy with them 
and their efforts. In February, 1877, the long looked-for 
decision from the Ministry at Vienna was received, allowing 
the missionary to hold private meetings with invited guests, 
and also public meetings in accordance with the require- 
ments of the law regulating meetings, but not allowing the 
attendance of children belonging to any church recognized 
by Austrian law, so long as they were bound by the law 
to attend school. 

Mr. Schauffler, while greatly rejoicing in this decision, 
still thought it not best at once to commence public meet- 
ings, but at his private meetings — attended by invited per- 
sons — the attendance and the solemn, tender interest were 
soon reported as increasing. He has had also a weekly Bible 
class, and prayer meetings, and is able to mention quite a 
number of cases of apparently genuine conversion. 

At Prague the work had met with less interruption than 
at other points, until near the close of the year 1875. Then 
complaints were entered against the missionaries for con- 
ducting schools and circulating reading matter contrary to 
law. The Sabbath-schools were given up ; and then fol- 
lowed efforts for the suppression of all public services, sup- 
ported by a complaint from the Reformed Consistory at 
Vienna, which claimed that, as Prague belonged to the par- 
ish of one of their pastors, no permission should be given 
for public services without that pastor’s consent, — which 
there was no hope of securing. As a result, permission to 
hold lectures was withdrawn. Yet here, as at Briinn, the 
missionary found occasion to rejoice over cases of awaken- 
ing to new religious views, and evidence that the Spirit of 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


17 


God was reaching some minds and hearts. Private meet- 
ings were instituted, and continued up to the time of latest 
reports, the necessarily small attendance (an average of 
about forty-one, Sabbath mornings), being of such persons 
as felt real interest in the truth. At the prayer-meetings, 
several of which are held each week, there is manifested 
such a spirit of prayer, and of earnest consecration to 
Christ, as greatly to encourage the missionary. A native 
Bible woman has done much to bring women to the meet- 
ings, an evangelist labors faithfully at an out-station, and a 
bookstore, in which religious literature is for sale, has be- 
come a center of influence for good. 

At Gratz every effort has been made to keep within the 
limits of the law, no public meetings being held, though in- 
dividuals have been gathered by special invitation from the 
missionaries, and the gospel is preached to a few attentive 
listeners. A Sabbath-school was started, but was soon 
given up to avoid offense ; something is done through col- 
porters ; meetings for prayer afford evidence of the special 
workings of the Spirit ; and individuals here, as at the 
other stations, have come to the joy of a confident Chris- 
tian hope. A letter just received from Gratz (January, 
1878) announces that the local authorities have given the 
brethren permission to open a circulating library in connec- 
tion with their bookstore. This is a privilege which they 
greatly prize. 

There are many interesting facts in connection with the 
work in Austria which it has not been deemed expedient to 
publish. Hindrances have been many, and sometimes of a 
very trying character, but the brethren have seen much to 
encourage them, and have all along felt deep interest and 
abundant joy in their work, and a strong desire to see it 
liberally sustained and vigorously carried forward. 

2 


18 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


ITALY. 

"When the Board decided, in 1871, to enter anew upon 
missionary efforts in Papal lands, Italy was one of the fields 
to which the attention of the Prudential Committee was first 
directed. At the annual meeting in 1872 the Committee 
announced that they had devoted much time and thought 
to that field, and had gone so far as to designate an honored 
pastor in Wisconsin as the first missionary there ; when 
“ unexpected difficulties ” constrained them to suspend for a 
time further movements in that direction. But the with- 
drawal of the American and Foreign Christian Union, and 
an earnest invitation from the Free Church of Italy to aid 
evangelistic operations which had been developed and sus- 
tained by the Union, led the Committee very soon to recon- 
sider their decision, and early in 1873, Rev. W. S. Alex- 
ander, who had already gone abroad, expecting to join the 
mission in Austria, but taking Italy on bis way, was au- 
thorized to remain there ; and a grant was made to meet 
the emergency occasioned by the withdrawal of the Union. 
In view of conflicting opinions, the great variety of sug- 
gestions as to methods of labor, and the many difficulties 
obviously to be encountered, the Prudential Committee also 
requested Rev. H. N. Barnum, of the Eastern Turkey mis- 
sion, then in the United States, but about to return to his 
field, to take Italy on his way, and confer with Mr. Alex- 
ander and other evangelical workers there, giving them and 
the Committee the benefit of his experienced judgment. 
Mr. Barnum spent four weeks in Italy, making careful in- 
quiries, and made a valuable report. He found “ more to 
encourage than he had anticipated,” but “ very formidable 
difficulties.” The Committee also, in the summer of the 
same year, transferred Dr. L. II. Gulick from Spain to 
Italy, believing that his large missionary experience and his 
practical wisdom would be of special value there. He left 
Barcelona for Florence on the 26th of July. 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


19 


It was then hoped that a class of young men would soon 
be gathered for theological study under Mr. Alexander, as 
the beginning of a permanent seminary ; but the health of 
Mr. Alexander, in the early winter, was not such as to war- 
rant the undertaking on his part, and later, the uncertain- 
ties of the future had again become so apparent that it was 
thought not expedient to begin. As early as August, 1874, 
Dr. Gulick, after looking the ground over carefully, had 
come reluctantly to the conclusion that it was probably 
best for the Board to suspend further operations in Italy. 
To this conclusion the Prudential Committee were also 
constrained to come. In their Annual Report for 1874, 
the Committee, after presenting a review of the facts, 
summed up the case thus : “ Briefly, then, it is in view of 
the limited amount of means and the limited number of 
men that the churches enable the Board to employ in the 
work in nominally Christian lands, and the importance of 
expending these means and locating these men where prov- 
idential leadings seem to present the greatest promise of 
success ; in view of the many other evangelical agencies at 
work in Italy and the difficulty of finding a clear field for 
our methods of labor ; iu view of the danger of unpleasant 
and undesirable interference with or interference from the 
work of others ; and in view of the expensiveness of work 
in Italy, growing out of the habits of the people as to self- 
support, and the readiness of others to furnish means, that 
the Prudential Committee deem it expedient to suspend 
their operations in that field.” After some discussion, the 
Board concurred in this view, and adopted a resolution, 
without dissent, suspending the mission to Italy. 

MEXICO. 

The United States of Mexico, divided into twenty-two 
states and six territories, had a population, in 1860, of 
about 8,400,000. Only about 1,000,000 of these were of 


20 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


pure European descent, while about 4,000,000 were In- 
dians, and the rest, with the exception of a few thousand 
Africans, were of mixed origin, from Europeans, Indians, 
and Africans. The religion is nominally Roman Catholic, 
but there is among the better educated classes much of in- 
difference and of skepticism, and among the lower classes a 
sad amount of ignorance and superstition. In 1860 relig- 
ious liberty was proclaimed, and the way was thus opened, 
as it had not been before, for Protestant efforts, which were 
soon commenced by different individuals and by some mis- 
sionary boards, specially the Methodist aud the Presby- 
terian. When the American Board entered upon the work 
in Papal lands, Mexico was among the fields to which at- 
tention was soon drawn. Miss Melinda Rankin, who had 
been for some years conducting a work of much apparent 
promise, with its center at Monterey, in the state of ISiew 
Leon, proposed to transfer that work to the care of the 
Board ; and two young men just graduated from the Pacific 
Theological Seminary, Rev. J. L. Stephens and Rev. David 
Watkins, offered their services for a mission in Western 
Mexico. 


NORTHERN MEXICO MISSION. 

The work and the property at Monterey were transferred 
by Miss Rankin to the Board in 1873, but the hopes which 
were entertained respecting the mission have not been fully 
realized. The field was then occupied by one missionary 
only, Rev. John Beveridge. In January, 1874, Rev. E. P. 
Herrick and wife, aud Miss Caroline M. Strong, all from 
Connecticut, joined the mission, and in March following, 
Rev. J. Iv. Kilbourn also, from Wisconsin. The health of 
Mr. Beveridge was not good ; the character of the native 
helpers employed, the condition of the schools at Mon- 
terey, that of the church there, and of the churches in 
other places connected with the mission, were not satisfac- 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


21 


tory ; and there was not entire agreement among the mis- 
sionaries as to the policy which should be pursued. In 
1875, Mr. and Mrs. Herrick and Mr. Beveridge left the 
field and were honorably dismissed from their connection 
with the Board. Mr. Kilbourn and Miss Strong (in her 
school and among the women) labored earnestly, finding a 
sifting and weeding process very needful, but gradually 
bringing different departments of the work into a more 
hopeful state, while earnestly calling for much needed as- 
sociates. But suitable persons ready to go to their relief 
were not found, and near the close of 187G, when prospects 
seemed brightening, severe trials caring upon them. The 
teacher of the boys’ school, a loved and trusted helper, was 
removed by death ; Miss Strong was confined to her room 
by serious illness; both schools were broken up ; and the 
congregation was reduced to a small number by prevailing 
sickness in the community. Miss Strong’s health has con- 
tinued to be such as to demand her retirement from the 
field, for a season of rest at least. Mr. Kilbourn felt that 
there were many promising indications, and that a brighter 
day might be near at hand if only reinforcements could be 
sent ; but efforts to procure other missionaries were still 
unavailing, and in September, 1877, this mission was trans- 
ferred to the Presbyterian Board, which had a mission in 
the vicinity, and could readily superintend the work at 
Monterey also. 

MISSION TO WESTERN MEXICO. 

Messrs. Stephens and Watkins, the young men already 
mentioned, left San Francisco in October, 1872, with Mrs. 
Watkins (Mr. Stephens being unmarried), and reached Gua- 
dalajara, a city of some 80,000 inhabitants, where it was 
decided to commence the work, on the 7th of November. 
They at once found friends among persons of influence, 
and were greatly encouraged by the interest manifested 


22 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


in religious conversation and religious reading, and by “a 
wonderful spirit of inquiry among the people.” The de- 
mand for the Scriptures, and for tracts, was soon quite exten- 
sive, and within a few months there were interesting cases of 
hopeful conversion. Of course the priests and their fanat- 
ical followers were bitterly hostile, and it was soon re- 
ported that six persons had been hired by priests to kill the 
missionaries. Mr. and Mrs. "Watkins were stoned in the 
street by a company of men and boys, but at this outrage 
the whole city seemed indignant, and the Governor of the 
State, and the commander of the Mexican forces, with 
whom Mr. Stephens then boarded, were friendly and ready 
to afford protection. 

The first year of the mission was very encouraging. In 
August, 1873, the brethren reported an almost entire ces- 
sation of abuse by Romanists, marked attention and kind- 
ness by many of the people, and many inquiring visitors. 
Mr. Watkins’ house had become too small to accommodate 
their Sabbath congregation, and the Governor had ex- 
pressed a hope that he could soon furnish them with a good 
building for their services. He had offered them their 
choice of the state churches, occupied by Romanists, but 
they declined to have these occupants ejected. In Decem- 
ber there were at Guadalajara more than a hundred mem- 
bers in what was called the “ Society of Reformed Catho- 
lics,” and on the 25th of that month a Protestant church 
was organized, with seventeen members. 

In November of that year, Mr. Stephens visited Ahua- 
lulco, a town of 5,000 inhabitants (of whom 2,000 were In- 
dians) about ninety miles from Guadalajara. lie was 
warmly welcomed by many ; a room was provided in which 
he held meetings every evening; and for several days there 
was no disturbance. Then came a statement that the In- 
dians, excited by the priests, intended to rush into the 
meeting and kill him ; and more than one attempt to mur- 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


23 


den him was prevented by the presence of an armed guard, 
furnished, apparently, by the sheriff. 

So anxious were the people there to learn of Christ, 
that the two brethren thought it best to separate, and on 
the 2d of December Mr. Stephens again left Guadalajara 
to take up his residence at Ahualulco, where, for a time, 
he was greatly encouraged. He had never seen people so 
much interested in divine things, listening with rapt atten- 
tion for an hour, and even two hours, as he preached to 
them the gospel, and eagerly purchasing Bibles, Testa- 
ments, and tracts. For the first few days after his arrival 
there were indeed manifestations of rude opposition ; the 
doors were defaced, stones were thrown at the windows, 
etc. ; but this soon passed away, and by the last of De- 
cember he supposed he slept “ as safely as in California.” 

The success of his faithful labors of love for about three 
months were far beyond expectation, and he seemed to have 
won the favor of a large portion of the people of Ahua- 
lulco. But this success infuriated the cura, and on the 1st 
of March he preached a most exciting sermon to the In- 
dians there, in which he said, “ It is necessary to cut down, 
even to the roots, the tree that bears bad fruit. You may 
interpret these words as you please.” The interpretation 
was such as he probably desired, and, as a Mexican paper 
stated, “At two o’clock A. m. on the 2d of March, the house 
of Mr. Stephens was assaulted by a mob, crying, ‘ Long 
live the cura ; death to the Protestants.’ They forced the 
doors and entered, destroying and stealing everything they 
found. Mr. Stephens was brutally assassinated, his head 
severed into several parts, and his body very much mu- 
tilated.” 

There was reason to suppose that much more than the 
murder of one man was intended by certain priests and 
their followers. Mr. Watkins believed that a man was ap- 
pointed to take his life at the same time, but he was sus- 


24 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


pectecl, and special precautions defeated his design. One 
of Mr. Stephens’ converts was killed, some other Protest- 
ants were violently assaulted, and there were attempts at 
least, as was believed, to poison some. For a time Mr. 
Watkins and others felt that they were in great danger, 
though the Mexican President, Lerdo, declared his inten- 
tion to do all he could for the protection of the missiona- 
ries and of religious liberty, and to secure the punishment 
of Mr. Stephens’ murderers. 

Mr. and Mrs. Watkins being left alone in the mission, 
and in very trying circumstances, it was felt to be specially 
needful that reinforcements should be sent as soon as pos- 
sible, and Rev. G. F. G. Morgan, who was a classmate of 
Messrs. Stephens and Watkins in the Theological Semi- 
nary, sailed from San • Francisco June 7th, and reached 
Guadalajara June 21, 1874. As all these brethren were of 
Welsh descent, some of the Welsh churches in this country 
felt their interest in the mission much increased by the 
murder of Mr. Stephens. A minister in Wales, Rev. John 
Edwards, was about this time reported to the Secretaries 
as willing to engage in the service of the Board, and he 
also was appointed to this field. Mr. Morgan did not re- 
main long in Mexico, but Mr. and Mrs. Edwards joined 
Mr. and Mrs. Watkins in April, 1875, and are still at Gua- 
dalajara. 

The assassination of Mr. Stephens, and other evidences 
of hostility, caused much fear among the people, many 
were prevented from attending Mr. Watkins’ services, and 
the schools of the mission were reduced “ to a nominal fig- 
ure.” Yet in August following, the average Sabbath con- 
gregations were reported as from seventy-five to ninety ; 
there was much interest in the study of the Bible ; some 
believers Became active in efforts to spread the knowledge 
of the truth ; and in December, 1874, fifty-six adults were 
added to the church at Guadalajara, many of them from 
Ahualulco. 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


25 


During the year 1875, affairs in Mexico were in a con- 
dition by no means pleasant, as indeed they have been from 
that time to this. In March, persecution was reported as 
increasing, and in July, bands of cruel revolutionists, gov- 
erned by priestly influence, sometimes led by a priest in 
person, were found robbing and killing men of liberal ideas, 
with the war cry, “Let religion live, and death to the 
Protestants.” Yet at this time there was at least one ear- 
nest, self-sustained laborer among the Protestants, going 
from place to place, distributing books and tracts and 
preaching Christ, and in July, twenty more adults were ad- 
mitted to the church. In December the number of mem- 
bers was one hundred and ten, and in August, 1876, it had 
risen to one hundred and fifty. Mr. Watkins, earlier than 
this, could mention more than one hundred and seventy 
cities, towns, “ ranches,” “pueblos,” and “ haciendas,” where 
more or less persons were found ready to declare them- 
selves Protestants, or at least very friendly to the truth and 
the labors of the mission helpers. There had been, how- 
ever, some cases of sad defection. 

At this time — August, 1876 — ill health rendered it 
needful for Mr. and Mrs. Watkins to leave Mexico for a 
season, and Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have been alone in the 
mission since that time. Opposition, difficulties, and dan- 
gers have continued, with encouragements. In December, 
1876, the missionary had been constrained to discontinue 
some of the meetings because of the excited state of the 
people, but in April following he wrote, “ There is no room 
for those that crowd to hear the word, and multitudes do 
not come for want of room.” A native preacher and 
teacher was then doing good service at Ahualulco, and his 
school there was promising. In August, 1877, Mr. Ed- 
wards reported forty-five additions to the church during the 
previous year, but they had been constrained to cut off sev- 
eral members. The whole number of members was then 


26 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


one hundred and seventy-five. In November, 1877, five 
adults were baptized at Ahualulco, and at Guadalajara the 
church continued “ to increase in numbers and to grow in 
grace.” Opposition and persecution were still violent. De- 
tails are given respecting one recent case of the deliberate 
murder of a Protestant, and Mr. Edwards states : “ I could 
mention many more cases of suffering and trial for the 
cause of Christ ; such as many losing their employment, 
driven from their houses, looked upon as the filth of the 
earth and the offscouring of all things by their own fami- 
lies ; and, in the pueblos, one having his house burnt be- 
cause he spoke of Jesus instead of Mary; another stoned 
in the plaza for not Diking off his hat when the bell struck 
twelve o’clock ; a third shouted after — ‘ Death to the Prot- 
estant,’ — because he read the Bible to his family and 
others who would listen to him ; four persons, because they 
possessed a Bible, leaving their homes at midnight under 
cover of darkness to save their lives, the priest having said 
that the inhabitants of the place had proved themselves 
cowards for allowing such books in their midst, aud toler- 
ating the persons that had them All this serves to 

show the unchristian spirit of the Romanists, and their 
malignant enmity towards the true Christians, as well as 
the fortitude, the patience, and the constancy of the latter.” 


Thus the experience of missionaries of the Board coin- 
cides with that of other Protestant laborers in Papal lands, 
showing conclusively that religious liberty is not yet estab- 
lished in such lands with the approval of the Papal priest- 
hood ; that that priesthood is by no means ready to oppose 
the views of Protestants simply by a more earnest presen- 
tation of what they claim to be the truth ; that in no por- 
tions of the unevangelized world is the preaching of the 
simple gospel of Christ likely to encounter more deter- 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


27 


mined opposition than in countries decidedly Roman Cath- 
olic ; that in no other lauds is that opposition, when not 
held in check by civil authority, more likely to proceed to 
murderous violence ; that in no other lands do faithful 
Christian laborers, whether missionaries or native converts, 
more obviously “ stand in jeopardy every hour ; ” and that 
no other laborers have more occasion to call upon Chris- 
tians everywhere to remember them in their prayers, that 
they “ may be delivered from unreasonable and wicked 
men,” and that in their fields “ the word of the Lord may 
have free course and be glorified.” 

On the other hand, it is obvious that in some such lands, 
notwithstanding the ignorance and superstition, the irrelig- 
ion and immorality which so much abound, there are many 
who, but for the influence of the priests, would welcome the 
preaching of a purer faith, and would soon receive the truth 
in love. In Spain, the two missionaries have already about 
one hundred and fifty members in their churches ; in West- 
ern Mexico probably not far from two hundred have been 
baptized ; and in Austria, though no churches have been 
organized, the brethren rejoice greatly in the evidence of 
true conversion given by a goodly number of individuals. 
There is much to encourage, and much reason why the mis- 
sionaries should call earnestly, as they do, not only for re- 
inforcements in their several fields, and for all needed pecun- 
iary aid, but for the support of warm Christian sympathy 
and of hopeful, earnest prayer. 

The American laborers now employed by the Board 
(January, 1878) in Papal lands are the following: — 

Mission to Spain. 

Rev. William II. Gulick, Santander. 

Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick, “ 

Rev. Thomas L. Gulick, Zaragoza. 

Mrs. Alice Walbridge Gulick, “ 


28 


MISSIONS IN PAPAL LANDS. 


Mission to Austria. 

Rev. H. A. Schauffi.er, Briinn. 

Mrs. Clara E. Schaeffler, “ 
Rev. A. W. Clark, Gratz. 

Mrs. Nellie M. Clark, “ 

Rev. Edwin A. Adams, Prague. 

Mrs. Caroline A. P. Adams, “ 
Rev. Edwin C. Bissell, D. D., Gratz. 
Mrs. Emily Pomeroy Bissf.ll, “ 

Mission to Western Mexico. 

Rev. David F. Watkins, Guadalajara. 
Mrs. Edna M. Watkins, “ 

Rev. John Edwards, “ 

Mrs. Mary J. Edwards, “ 


Rev. J. K. Kilbouni anil Miss Caroline M. Strong are 
also still at Monterey, Northern Mexico, though that mis- 
sion has been transferred to the Presbyterian Board. 


THE MISSIONARY HERALD; 

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Price 50 cents a year. Letters relating to this should be addressed, — 

SECRETARY WOMAN’S BOARD OF MISSIONS, 

No. 1 Somerset Street, Boston. 


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and General Concerns of the Board may be addressed 

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Africa's Mountain Valley 76 

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